When the Government is the Controlling Shareholder

Authors

Marcel Kahan, New York UniversityFollow
Edward B. Rock, University of Pennsylvania Carey Law SchoolFollow

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

5-1-2011

Abstract

As a result of the 2008 bailouts, the United States Government is now the controlling shareholder in AIG, Citigroup, GM, GMAC, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Corporate law provides a complex and comprehensive set of standards of conduct to protect non-controlling shareholders from controlling shareholders who have goals other than maximizing firm value. In this article, we analyze the extent to which these existing corporate law structures of accountability apply when the government is the controlling shareholder, and the extent to which federal “public law” structures substitute for displaced state “private law” norms. We show that the Delaware restrictions on controlling shareholders are largely displaced, but hardly replaced, by federal provisions. Having concluded that the existing accountability structures do not provide sufficient protection of minority shareholder interests, we examine the variety of ways (in the U.S. and elsewhere) in which government ownership has been structured in order to minimize political interference at the expense of non-controlling shareholders, including nonvoting stock, independent directors, dedicated trusts, and separate management companies. Because neither ex ante legal structures nor ex post judicial review hold much promise for controlling political interference, we are left with a choice between developing new structures of accountability and bringing this anomalous era of government control to a speedy conclusion.

Keywords

Governmental bailout, minority shareholders, firm value maximization, corporate purposes, displacement of regulatory structures with ownership influence, structuring government ownership to weaken political influence, governmental equity and control, government corporations, governmental sale and exit

Publication Title

Texas Law Review

Publication Citation

89 Texas Law Review 1293 (2011).

Repository Citation

Kahan, Marcel and Rock, Edward B., "When the Government is the Controlling Shareholder" (2011). All Faculty Scholarship. 316.
https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/316